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Actaea elata
''Actaea elata''〔(''Actaea elata''. ) Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).〕〔(''Actaea elata''. ) USDA PLANTS Profile.〕〔(''Actaea elata''. ) Germplasm Resources Information Network.〕〔(''Actaea elata''. ) NatureServe. 2012.〕 (syn. ''Cimicifuga elata'')〔(''Cimicifuga elata''. ) Burke Museum of History and Culture. University of Washington. 2013.〕〔(''Cimicifuga elata''. ) Flora of North America.〕 is a species of flowering plant in the buttercup family known by the common name tall bugbane. It is native to the Pacific Northwest of North America, where it can be found in British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon.〔〔〔〔
This species is a rhizomatous perennial herb reaching a maximum height around 1.8 meters. It is hairy in texture, with some glandular hairs. The leaves are made up of many lobed, toothed leaflets which resemble maple leaves in shape. The inflorescence is a branching panicle up to 17 centimeters long. The panicle bears many flowers, each with five white or pink-tinged sepals, but no petals. The flower presents a spray of long white stamens. Blooming occurs from May〔(''Cimicifuga elata''. ) Washington Natural Heritage Program. Washington Department of Natural Resources. 1998.〕 or June to August. The fruit is a flattened follicle up to 1.2 centimeters long.〔〔 The fruits are poisonous.〔Ellison, R. (Plant Propagation Protocol for ''Actaea elata''. ) University of Washington. April 18, 2012.〕 The plant has an unpleasant scent.〔Foster, S. and C. Hobbs. ''Peterson Field Guide to Western Medicinal Plants and Herbs''. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. New York, NY. 2002. pg. 41.〕
==Habitat==
This species grows in moist woods and forest habitat. It is mostly restricted to lower elevations and is more common on north-facing slopes. It is associated with the forest trees Douglas fir (''Pseudotsuga menziesii''), bigleaf maple (''Acer macrophyllum''),〔 western redcedar (''Thuja plicata''), red alder (''Alnus rubra''), and vine maple (''Acer circinatum''), and other forest plants such as oceanspray (''Holodiscus discolor''), hazelnut (''Corylus cornuta''), sword fern (''Polystichum munitum''), and snowberry (''Symphoricarpos albus''). Alpine enchanter's nightshade ''(Circaea alpina)'', herb robert ''(Geranium robertianum)'', and wall lettuce ''(Lactuca muralis)'' are indicator species for the plant, often growing alongside it.〔Mayberry, R. J. and E. Elle. (2009). (Effects of forest structure and microhabitat on the distribution and flowering of a rare understory plant, ''Actaea elata''. ) ''Forest Ecology and Management'' 258(7) 1102-09.〕 This species can dominate the forest understory where it is common.〔Helliwell, R. (Tall Bugbane (''Cimicifuga elata'') Inventory in Douglas County, Oregon. ) Report to the Interagency Special Status/Sensitive Species Program. FY2010 Inventory & Conservation Planning Project. January, 2011.〕 The plant may be found in old-growth forests.〔 It prefers the shade of dense forests. It can tolerate some breaks in the canopy but not large-scale clearing, such as clearcutting. Some penetrating sunlight is beneficial for the plant during its reproductive season. Animals associated with the species include the mountain beaver (''Aplodontia rufa''), particularly in Canada. Depending on location, pollinators of the plant include bumblebees, other types of bees, beetles, and syrphid flies.〔Klinkenberg, B. and R. Klinkenberg. (A Recovery Strategy for Tall Bugbane (''Cimicifuga elata'') in Canada. ) BC Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection. March 31, 2003.〕
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